Given by: the angel of the presence to Moses on Sinai, citing the heavenly tablets after the account of Cain's murder of Abel. Given to: Moses, and through him to Israel, binding both the doer of evil and the silent witness.

In ancient communities justice depended on witnesses coming forward; the book's curse on the silent onlooker upheld the communal duty to expose bloodshed rather than let a killer go unnamed.

And on this account it is written on the heavenly tables, 'Cursed is,he who smites his neighbour treacherously, and let all who have seen and heard say, So be it; and the man who has seen and not declared (it), let him be accursed as the other.'

A double charge from the heavenly tablets: never harm your neighbour treacherously, and never stay silent when you witness evil — the silent witness shares the guilt.

Jubilees 4:5

Your Spirit

Loves God

Loves Neighbor

Your Body

Moral Behaviour